Exponential diophantine problems

Gottfried Helms - Univ Kassel          (Miniatures since 07' 2007)

 

Table for Fermat-quotients of degree m≥2
for integer bases b<p (where p
∈ ℙ )

The following table displays p-adic-expansions of bases b, for which

               bp-1 ≡ 1 (mod pm)

In ([1],2009) I discussed earlier the problem of Fermat-quotients and introduced a couple of small tools and concepts which I use here. This table focuses on data for only a specific subset of the entire problem.

The casual reader who is not aware of the concept of Fermat-quotient may look in the wikipedia (see:[wp]) first which gives some basic insight and a couple of further references/online-links.

The reader may find some quite involved related tables in the internet, see the references-section at the end of this article for some online-links to homepages which I got aware of.

 

Some preliminary definitions:

1) In the following I (mis)use the braces for a shorter notation to express the above statement for a more general view. (A misuse which has been helpful through all my discussions/treatizes of exponential diophantine problems.) For the case, that a number n contains the primefactor p to the m'th power I write for p's canonical exponent in n:

{n, p} = m                                          ==> n = x ∙ pm ∙with gcd(x,p)=1

                Note that this notation is a bit more algebraic/concise than "pm| n" or "n≡0 (mod pm)"because -if in the two latter two cases m is the indeterminate- then the expression gives only an upper limit and not a precise value to m. So for instance,

{2p-1-1, p} = 2

is a bit more restricted/precise than the original definition for a Wieferich-prime p which requires only

{2p-1-1, p} 2

(where we know only two solutions p=1093 and p=3511 for m ≥2 anyway).

Similary for instance

{35-1 , 11} = 2
{19
6-1 , 7} = 3
{740862
6 – 1,7}  = 7
{175909088838
12 – 1,13} = 12

indicate Fermat-quotients for (3, 11), (19, 7), (740862, 7) and (175909088838, 13) of degrees 2,3,7 and 12 respectively.

 

 

2) Let's define here the term "degree of the Fermat-quotient":

{bp-1-1, p } = m                  ==> m is the degree of the Fermat-quotient of the pair (b,p)

 

 

3) By the p-adic-representation of the bases b which provide high Fermat-quotients for some prime p we can read the table like in the following example:

p

b

d0

d1

d2

d3

d4

d4

d5

d6

d7

d8

d9

d10

...

7

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

...

7

2

2

4

6

3

0

2

6

2

4

3

4

4

...

7

3

3

4

6

3

0

2

6

2

4

3

4

4

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

 

Here the column p indicates the prime, the column b the "root" bases - "root" means here, that from b = d0 further bases bm can be derived according to the given p-adic digits d0,d1,d2,... Actually the entry in that column is identical with the entry in column d0 which simply contain all congruence-classes (mod p) .

The "p-adic" convention means, that the "digits" are just the digits of the number-representation of some number in the number-system to base p, so to say:

bm = "dm-1 ... d2 d1 d0" base p

so for the row with "root" base b=2 we can get the following subsequent bases b1,b2,...

b1 = 2                                   = 2                         ==>        {26 -1, 7} = 1
b2 = 2 + 4∙7                        = 30                      ==>        {30
6-1, 7} = 2
b3 = 2 + 4∙7+ 6∙7
2            = 324                    ==>        {3246-1, 7} = 3
...
and in general
bm = 2 + 4∙7+ ... +dm-1∙7
m-1                            ==>        {bm6-1, 7} = m

But note, that also infinitely many bases of the form

     let x a positive integer such that gcd(x,6) = 1
b2 = 2 + 4∙7+ x∙7
2            = 30+x∙49           ==>        {b26-1, 7} = 2

give also fermat-quotients of degree 2, so

               {796 - 1, 7} = 2

We can conclude one more result: because we see here a set of infinitely many bases in arithmetic progression, we have even - due to Dirichlet's theorem - a proof, that for each prime p and each degree m we'll find infinitely bases bm which are prime themselves.

So such a table essentially gives the (p-1)th roots of 1 modulo some pm in the p-adic sense and can in analogy be thought as representing the unit-roots exp(î∙π∙m/(p-1)) in the case of the complex number plane.

(end of preliminary definitions)

 

Note that b=d0 being a residue (mod p) means, that all bases b gotten by p-adic-expansions beginning at a residue d0 <>0 (mod p) are also coprime to p and have no (yet recognizable) simple restrictions, so for instance they

  *  can be even,
  *  can be odd,
               and in particular
  *  can be prime themselves.

Sometimes tabulations of Fermat-quotients display only prime bases b - for instance because there is great relevance connected to other exponential diophantine problems like FLT -for instance by the analyses of A. Wieferich (after whom that Wieferich-primes are named) and others. But this is not intended here; here I want to display the general scheme and in that scheme I want to focus to that subset of higher Fermat-quotients where the bases are in the residue classes of the associated primes and thus smaller that that primes.

 

Base b smaller than prime p

The example computation in the above lines shows immediately, that the displayed bases b = b1, simply equalling the residue-classes (mod p), are the only ones which are smaller than the prime which defines the congruence. High fermat-quotients are very rare for such cases; two prominent examples are the above mentioned two Wieferich primes p=1093 and p=3511 to base 2 where we have 210921 (mod 10932) and 235101 (mod 35112) or in the new notation {21092-1, 1093} = 2 and {23510-1, 3511} = 2 ; another one is p=11 and the base b=3 where we have {310 - 1, 11} = 2 .

To have such a case is equivalent to have the digit d1=0 in the table, because that means, according to the example above

b2 = d0 + 0∙p1                     = d0        = b1        ==>        {b1p-1 -1 , p} = 2

and the earliest example is that for prime p = 11 and base b1 = 3

 

p

b

d0

d1

d2

d3

d4

d4

d5

d6

d7

d8

d9

d10

d11

11

3

3

0

1

2

3

6

10

8

7

0

6

3

9

 

(Note that in general zeros in the digits occur randomly scattered over the digits in the table)

The well known Wieferich-primes p=1093 and p=3511 are immediately recognizable in the table by this: they are the only occurences so far, where the root base (= residue d0) equals 2 (or some small powers of 2) and the digit d1=0. They are marked orange here:

p

b

d0

d1

d2

d3

d4

d4

d5

d6

d7

d8

d9

d10

d11

1093

2

2

0

974

227

564

478

1009

395

581

1027

834

136

534

3511

2

2

0

102

2379

495

3468

1939

2849

2386

752

3077

803

3499

 

 

 

Higher degrees of Fermatquotiens

For even higher Fermat-quotients we can proceed by looking for further consecutive zeros in the digits:

               b3 = d0 + 0∙p1+ 0∙p2         = b0                       ==>        {b3p-1 - 1, p} = 3
               bm = d0 + 0∙p
1+ ...+ 0∙pm-1= b0                      ==>        {bmp-1 - 1, p} = m
               ...

 

Cases m=3

The only case of the fermat-quotient of order m=3 (where also the base is smaller than the defining prime) occurs with the prime p=113 and the base b3 = b1 = d0 = 68 :

p

b

d0

d1

d2

d3

d4

d4

d5

d6

d7

d8

d9

d10

d11

113

68

68

0

0

92

4

67

65

0

13

7

106

20

16

 

For this I checked the primes up to p=17 389 (which is the 2 000th prime). In the mathematical-discussionboard MSE (see[2]) one correspondent confirmed that observation and proceeded saying he had found this to be true up to p=104 729, (which is the 10 000'th prime) . In [3] we find that no further example occurs up to p ~ 3.6 ∙ 108

 

Cases m>3

I've not found any higher degree Fermat-quotients for pairs of bases and primes with b<p.

 

Gottfried Helms, 7.12.2013

 

Table 1, b<p:

p-adic representations for bases allowing fermat-quotients up to degree 12, where the high fermat-quotient occurs already for the "root" bases (which are smaller than the defining prime). That is equivalent to say that the p-adic-digit d1 = 0 .

p

b

d0

d1

d2

d3

d4

d4

d5

d6

d7

d8

d9

d10

d11

11

3

3

0

1

2

3

6

10

8

7

0

6

3

9

11

9

9

0

6

1

9

8

7

1

3

2

0

0

6

29

14

14

0

6

9

19

22

8

24

4

3

19

16

25

37

18

18

0

26

16

3

34

26

35

26

24

18

24

1

43

19

19

0

34

35

10

37

7

26

6

41

34

4

21

59

53

53

0

28

27

40

50

43

2

38

17

21

45

38

71

11

11

0

9

23

19

43

34

58

41

12

49

52

48

71

26

26

0

19

48

7

70

7

9

25

60

45

27

29

79

31

31

0

22

69

9

4

0

69

27

67

11

51

42

97

53

53

0

87

20

43

33

35

56

75

38

17

7

71

103

43

43

0

69

94

23

81

59

78

91

45

75

19

9

109

96

96

0

63

53

40

18

51

44

40

99

57

62

83

113

68

68

0

0

92

4

67

65

0

13

7

106

20

16

127

38

38

0

14

80

89

79

92

87

33

49

34

108

78

127

62

62

0

38

18

74

120

88

26

85

117

22

102

121

131

58

58

0

58

45

43

35

118

39

49

117

20

67

93

131

111

111

0

100

6

68

71

120

87

121

113

124

2

1

137

19

19

0

32

71

56

130

42

88

50

33

95

120

36

151

78

78

0

24

93

15

23

57

16

50

119

20

54

29

163

65

65

0

117

74

136

122

122

90

95

161

79

119

141

163

84

84

0

30

38

143

65

86

83

84

150

160

147

3

181

78

78

0

122

38

129

144

116

13

64

54

10

97

32

191

176

176

0

70

66

133

24

78

95

120

16

148

13

67

197

143

143

0

180

145

6

84

55

185

7

77

174

25

41

199

174

174

0

105

162

83

129

100

104

106

36

10

83

176

211

165

165

0

192

78

98

178

173

190

77

96

101

58

86

211

182

182

0

155

11

37

210

111

113

126

10

199

119

24

223

69

69

0

41

45

55

211

154

104

52

8

140

215

115

229

44

44

0

120

127

35

174

225

143

172

7

161

17

73

229

209

209

0

219

104

7

38

62

94

32

167

209

89

92

233

33

33

0

34

13

124

218

79

170

138

23

22

145

55

241

94

94

0

200

219

44

40

139

133

194

33

79

216

98

257

48

48

0

35

193

232

136

111

42

246

8

240

108

153

263

79

79

0

228

138

101

146

179

235

11

154

235

65

25

269

171

171

0

113

237

101

88

201

166

6

182

69

230

91

269

180

180

0

74

218

219

202

244

259

140

164

82

64

245

269

207

207

0

77

22

243

185

188

90

167

129

189

99

31

281

20

20

0

127

19

267

238

270

101

2

147

168

255

241

283

147

147

0

26

218

169

270

98

171

149

208

28

73

159

293

91

91

0

39

206

171

105

26

97

289

219

38

212

97

307

40

40

0

65

32

263

223

198

59

173

201

300

51

156

313

104

104

0

218

120

107

74

51

239

108

42

125

305

227

313

213

213

0

58

53

223

63

66

120

238

69

293

236

74

331

18

18

0

14

185

36

326

146

77

236

117

314

217

208

331

71

71

0

147

280

26

271

249

28

266

190

81

72

272

331

324

324

0

173

41

188

39

158

186

190

192

261

44

66

347

75

75

0

27

292

130

202

322

311

308

91

124

68

45

347

156

156

0

204

298

48

283

227

292

96

238

158

288

171

349

223

223

0

164

173

80

185

86

312

39

96

135

319

200

349

317

317

0

103

38

68

134

72

47

119

213

260

143

75

353

14

14

0

337

259

116

221

334

144

288

263

294

249

149

353

196

196

0

258

218

347

348

162

301

246

26

14

219

298

359

257

257

0

7

62

98

138

61

136

346

355

202

95

59

359

331

331

0

220

114

233

245

242

343

204

171

157

105

184

367

159

159

0

8

121

119

104

131

157

155

171

361

260

334

367

205

205

0

357

199

82

254

320

156

227

196

115

135

257

373

242

242

0

85

355

365

313

261

262

275

8

304

76

16

379

174

174

0

198

72

194

145

375

164

136

90

120

97

280

397

175

175

0

184

332

45

282

293

362

7

18

355

77

396

401

280

280

0

111

66

332

351

28

254

130

160

12

373

20

419

369

369

0

210

182

164

36

27

57

284

65

109

78

307

421

251

251

0

391

78

129

155

80

102

361

409

247

41

368

433

349

349

0

226

95

120

215

8

94

113

137

206

50

182

439

194

194

0

171

199

141

134

421

15

420

120

321

21

35

449

210

210

0

241

129

137

282

393

314

294

83

246

101

212

461

52

52

0

206

196

154

265

320

98

291

416

232

273

451

463

255

255

0

177

75

422

113

430

83

351

42

169

375

265

463

345

345

0

40

331

112

286

24

426

256

175

307

436

370

487

10

10

0

329

462

103

341

149

54

64

287

349

100

311

487

100

100

0

249

0

258

336

428

281

36

237

54

415

322

487

175

175

0

427

44

471

72

106

273

475

187

406

475

207

487

307

307

0

424

391

356

98

429

194

148

479

236

420

3

499

346

346

0

460

279

269

135

282

230

492

301

219

312

420

509

93

93

0

263

29

65

137

86

45

367

277

294

481

493

509

250

250

0

362

34

224

121

181

23

163

373

211

115

476

521

308

308

0

234

382

126

54

143

270

374

143

129

105

504

523

241

241

0

177

363

517

57

483

214

449

291

455

515

365

547

427

427

0

80

35

1

9

519

12

248

135

52

437

525

557

430

430

0

216

407

507

519

454

443

482

394

423

307

4

563

486

486

0

95

227

453

37

221

314

138

122

430

552

234

571

262

262

0

465

32

170

218

521

229

319

188

359

219

231

571

422

422

0

235

88

536

559

257

229

106

540

414

430

452

571

516

516

0

432

328

306

112

386

407

316

168

298

190

9

577

427

427

0

173

365

178

420

563

350

442

230

281

568

135

599

559

559

0

22

516

267

499

67

485

573

452

454

565

338

599

588

588

0

589

354

135

381

250

166

129

215

282

372

246

601

405

405

0

206

198

25

241

258

187

133

391

525

404

295

607

162

162

0

28

95

427

332

475

143

10

374

525

53

61

607

302

302

0

298

328

238

332

253

427

365

482

386

364

1

617

556

556

0

295

98

413

185

346

272

288

5

439

33

555

619

286

286

0

412

73

19

138

443

323

552

101

519

576

4

631

69

69

0

436

306

380

15

431

309

438

213

508

462

250

631

534

534

0

166

492

272

428

130

153

213

346

378

261

273

641

340

340

0

262

69

543

35

618

472

390

519

613

20

474

647

56

56

0

140

27

415

35

514

425

378

583

89

458

253

647

526

526

0

424

398

143

435

400

187

561

421

578

392

523

653

84

84

0

256

398

21

227

576

63

105

604

360

551

337

653

120

120

0

380

432

266

387

96

541

640

138

311

454

151

653

197

197

0

488

104

542

530

73

535

89

26

154

125

304

653

287

287

0

242

101

139

90

595

75

26

265

559

647

617

653

410

410

0

550

517

360

607

363

295

451

73

367

504

652

659

503

503

0

332

163

234

104

573

123

3

637

498

72

46

661

184

184

0

24

88

510

39

522

472

487

446

32

600

5

673

22

22

0

131

423

461

316

512

460

298

0

549

192

316

673

484

484

0

380

449

457

280

57

208

610

668

555

341

244

701

375

375

0

608

72

366

153

324

202

483

404

383

105

355

727

92

92

0

148

465

314

508

11

31

88

13

164

581

357

739

168

168

0

338

187

646

243

602

64

62

195

681

478

230

743

467

467

0

301

187

637

366

614

176

85

187

552

288

193

761

675

675

0

240

616

172

161

269

43

462

481

759

669

550

769

392

392

0

749

733

564

221

316

264

293

466

340

696

542

773

392

392

0

575

155

542

561

413

446

173

546

81

245

375

797

440

440

0

651

772

713

596

647

154

69

511

416

563

228

797

446

446

0

133

654

744

149

541

441

195

222

529

417

1

809

207

207

0

136

315

270

374

671

514

533

322

556

253

603

823

393

393

0

546

57

76

596

160

414

133

740

627

385

297

827

314

314

0

587

431

569

179

608

385

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1176

1532

510

460

1883

783

1748

1973

803

803

0

1212

1764

1754

894

823

87

1775

1596

1242

1773

1456

1987

1862

1862

0

757

873

1734

495

624

183

1668

680

605

222

1845

1993

277

277

0

267

1846

401

559

477

258

776

4

1085

895

1005

1993

1747

1747

0

691

29

1637

975

825

507

961

703

1083

1879

56

1997

866

866

0

1987

1832

149

646

1233

1881

107

326

804

1549

1802

1999

87

87

0

418

187

1906

1663

726

1585

337

1655

1176

230

1662

1999

143

143

0

552

684

1593

976

954

1463

1490

428

1154

1218

1364

2011

1993

1993

0

1511

1387

1883

1374

309

206

131

1994

268

818

1745

2017

1563

1563

0

1168

1543

1583

354

1492

502

1689

1758

722

1630

181

2029

1715

1715

0

1276

1473

939

615

483

1579

210

204

452

1331

98

2063

1376

1376

0

1397

1777

898

1354

950

1362

1440

697

496

1521

1160

2069

1470

1470

0

96

25

1997

963

94

1536

244

207

680

496

660

2083

1705

1705

0

1410

370

801

567

1973

1383

608

1486

1232

1404

1457

2087

206

206

0

1543

1815

1194

175

1467

576

481

751

961

1876

1782

2089

515

515

0

328

1985

1488

661

1353

1420

936

1118

1382

788

1051

2099

1027

1027

0

2081

25

1921

1447

350

1536

1055

457

748

1829

1066

2113

652

652

0

1938

650

1069

1174

1247

920

103

422

1260

329

853

2113

957

957

0

748

1512

216

1076

1957

608

1732

1186

824

2053

1494

2137

95

95

0

2008

1924

1857

966

2005

249

2136

1984

1629

1994

383

2141

452

452

0

913

483

724

1890

1876

1628

248

458

70

12

1166

2141

474

474

0

189

1105

1217

417

1484

1077

815

525

370

1578

702

2143

1465

1465

0

677

1860

1647

1785

701

9

1304

921

2059

89

1538

2153

981

981

0

1845

1876

1426

1950

1718

591

1321

1586

210

1274

1620

2161

865

865

0

555

59

479

1576

1322

1060

2142

1988

558

1442

1489

2161

1576

1576

0

1752

854

1081

219

550

987

1803

841

860

1312

57

2179

831

831

0

108

52

1853

692

2021

531

1282

683

1332

1867

444

2179

1640

1640

0

632

994

1886

1549

630

1756

424

494

458

791

1715

2179

2123

2123

0

1954

1956

2030

1597

1276

1014

1483

675

810

841

1077

2203

184

184

0

2029

1575

1503

2127

1502

1058

490

1496

1035

146

1679

2203

209

209

0

2121

808

204

1194

1262

215

904

176

2133

922

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2203

767

767

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860

252

481

2185

781

52

894

1280

167

1122

309

2203

2037

2037

0

451

656

1247

2018

1533

1791

478

972

417

474

1522

2213

367

367

0

1228

1160

574

1153

650

1688

2029

1172

1283

328

1598

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574

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0

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539

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256

1027

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1606

1061

1196

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832

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0

1208

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360

748

1692

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1047

2139

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659

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595

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645

734

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1128

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23

927

1779

40

1689

1878

2084

352

1179

2213

1284

2221

1404

1404

0

640

626

1987

395

1712

657

142

1162

456

1113

207

2243

1372

1372

0

1361

794

477

1623

1244

1301

227

335

118

1831

875

2251

151

151

0

125

1282

2185

1864

1858

30

1129

1955

2141

860

893

2251

1935

1935

0

124

1519

857

12

1232

1439

568

1766

363

1812

814

2267

538

538

0

1901

129

83

502

1099

1371

908

950

1738

1274

1670

2267

1508

1508

0

262

408

108

974

150

1913

2087

185

1218

1827

2250

2269

254

254

0

532

1306

515

1608

2248

770

1826

66

1567

469

486

2273

1797

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0

2080

58

1079

497

500

2104

1152

236

117

463

586

2281

1100

1100

0

378

1922

1948

2187

2144

849

1052

1312

2245

138

1284

2281

1657

1657

0

2226

2185

1331

556

1963

1985

1889

1038

1036

40

682

2281

1975

1975

0

2272

715

452

965

2240

1672

1514

770

807

106

1665

2297

1426

1426

0

456

149

2106

728

526

1474

381

1807

1426

1429

971

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0

2265

1121

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1262

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42

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2309

823

823

0

788

2220

146

1746

1400

94

1353

1760

2245

148

1149

2309

1453

1453

0

2010

364

331

1686

421

1238

1735

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652

2115

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2309

2222

2222

0

626

452

670

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717

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602

1049

245

406

499

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473

473

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1283

1620

338

1274

793

198

2087

1993

1079

394

1716

2311

2024

2024

0

1532

1380

1619

1505

219

1490

2284

829

666

2148

2110

2311

2170

2170

0

1489

1888

128

1543

1253

1125

1956

1625

1334

10

442

2339

892

892

0

2120

1969

661

595

955

115

1366

2259

2245

1118

780

2341

2074

2074

0

553

1547

1920

2269

519

1260

1830

1656

1260

1278

239

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1037

1037

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1909

1300

246

204

1509

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397

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0

390

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224

687

861

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1819

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55

2136

2341

2357

1853

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0

1300

2011

1924

710

2321

1293

992

316

1831

761

1809

2371

1493

1493

0

155

1036

1045

1558

1205

2138

1197

2100

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1054

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2313

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0

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1246

394

1383

1536

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265

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122

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897

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24

1717

1513

1255

3

245

705

715

2473

429

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0

923

779

429

1320

1638

1711

1968

47

526

777

489

2473

1787

1787

0

1760

1573

1201

1174

210

1560

2045

2434

510

1533

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156

205

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559

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225

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1694

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128

333

170

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1092

1676

2503

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637

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2086

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2006

2303

249

1739

778

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2503

2434

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0

805

2082

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1674

1857

420

2285

1568

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1320

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2549

915

915

0

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379

148

1260

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1466

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2025

1148

1014

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756

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0

540

1467

192

2325

1230

2144

192

886

642

2271

1541

2551

1820

1820

0

2018

1770

2240

941

2246

901

2079

861

567

2325

57

2551

2032

2032

0

385

1447

874

2163

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2195

2122

241

2283

1403

906

2593

2561

2561

0

1620

746

358

1414

1389

1211

1949

16

1839

2066

1181

2609

2200

2200

0

515

560

1937

284

665

1558

205

532

1078

347

1855

2621

2062

2062

0

752

326

22

2501

651

114

2133

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911

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569

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81

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6

29

300

2150

72

2041

1243

464

511

635

2671

560

560

0

2643

2124

543

2512

12

2339

1991

377

688

1824

224

2671

2063

2063

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228

348

1461

773

453

2037

1774

960

2164

1509

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64

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812

504

2212

2378

165

1557

2001

2274

2677

2653

2653

0

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2342

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1853

2180

117

889

711

1658

1096

101

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2571

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1283

470

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1608

2687

446

446

0

1760

1600

2048

368

574

687

2038

1939

199

2510

474

2689

2446

2446

0

65

1742

134

1316

414

1440

686

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1893

2223

164

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12

12

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515

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654

320

670

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961

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333

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144

144

0

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902

2609

2273

1643

96

1785

156

2319

2693

1728

1728

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18

2474

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1438

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56

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1182

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25

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30

1448

526

2190

253

2707

1347

1347

0

883

1138

904

813

898

18

317

215

997

1960

1657

2707

2338

2338

0

501

806

1008

642

283

525

630

1947

1757

2263

572

2719

1487

1487

0

2527

1914

2535

573

859

630

1680

186

563

1137

728

2719

2269

2269

0

302

1065

498

1563

54

1998

1316

971

1470

1631

1103

2729

744

744

0

1631

472

40

1753

2543

256

2687

836

2011

1025

673

2731

1534

1534

0

1637

477

94

2512

701

514

2643

1975

2669

1136

2718

2731

1577

1577

0

863

2081

2113

1964

519

2712

2126

2458

523

57

917

2731

1872

1872

0

1620

2452

396

2623

256

16

1333

97

530

900

2573

2731

2290

2290

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2279

2037

499

2117

1362

285

1444

705

2104

1087

365

2741

68

68

0

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975

1600

1847

588

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551

1375

1241

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2034

2753

445

445

0

1684

2244

284

1426

2363

2068

900

1733

1367

2001

102

2777

59

59

0

236

217

187

1895

1014

2755

446

1475

1060

870

869

2789

1888

1888

0

1033

1136

189

2531

1679

1203

914

2442

1194

2707

488

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1479

1106

2490

274

43

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1138

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2520

2520

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255

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1062

2365

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122

122

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1341

1531

1498

2757

27

1557

778

402

2791

2389

2389

0

164

1578

1432

2763

1513

1786

1470

2456

772

998

856

2791

2565

2565

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2556

962

1071

2269

1734

1350

1857

18

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2797

2465

2465

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841

503

773

187

2696

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611

376

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2775

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2801

1341

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2328

2180

2067

1430

2649

1599

1482

1883

2803

2131

2131

0

846

1378

1757

542

1260

1950

2414

732

1962

1341

977

2833

479

479

0

2823

2636

2285

535

862

2067

2234

358

1437

1283

429

2833

1516

1516

0

915

615

2600

2570

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98

301

2453

1080

1875

902

2837

940

940

0

2039

2289

622

698

2063

320

1910

2537

207

1355

150

2837

1404

1404

0

1512

1249

1942

2025

2293

996

1090

2309

286

1840

452

2843

2465

2465

0

1069

250

274

939

2286

317

2434

584

1711

2329

88

2851

932

932

0

148

1750

1738

2497

1494

1166

2037

1500

838

1228

92

2861

1907

1907

0

1976

1454

1475

2695

271

729

2643

2167

2609

1872

196

2879

975

975

0

1845

558

2469

2113

877

507

2348

1101

1779

612

1151

2887

1731

1731

0

2459

192

218

1916

849

394

1500

598

1667

1407

2846

2897

2201

2201

0

1961

2050

433

74

218

1547

44

853

2194

1804

1260

2903

1636

1636

0

2201

266

1371

549

2484

2214

427

1116

1493

401

2693

2909

1394

1394

0

194

1632

2385

656

2180

249

946

432

2554

819

1309

2927

1980

1980

0

2693

806

728

2034

25

629

1524

1182

2797

2180

1201

2939

1706

1706

0

2351

194

1591

2791

2143

985

627

2638

1877

40

518

2953

2487

2487

0

1774

1043

1138

2498

1929

515

1271

1630

2425

2545

1797

2963

672

672

0

823

124

2510

801

1003

2837

2605

1258

1687

1061

1607

2969

1118

1118

0

609

1873

1202

2093

1637

691

2048

1906

528

1721

1839

2999

2065

2065

0

1611

1683

2504

2547

2106

1550

2912

1934

435

349

2233

2999

2253

2253

0

399

1658

607

2492

387

2215

1126

2300

1989

1774

936

3001

700

700

0

2861

958

1177

2066

443

158

790

372

2281

1598

2401

3019

1267

1267

0

2993

3012

2831

2788

1064

1968

1447

1941

2408

21

909

3023

2544

2544

0

2954

1980

499

292

975

1627

2774

1442

827

1702

2238

3037

79

79

0

777

307

18

779

751

1642

1810

2465

2758

1101

2236

3037

424

424

0

1342

145

503

534

115

2419

2938

1735

2873

2510

1046

3041

1358

1358

0

1704

2155

764

2952

516

1685

2639

2947

1188

148

1548

3041

2149

2149

0

662

2602

2098

2563

432

2857

1978

2449

2873

1569

2548

3079

173

173

0

2048

1017

926

649

2247

1445

985

1329

2158

2313

2916

3083

1119

1119

0

1694

2677

1634

1106

2948

1070

1581

1565

2539

1831

2970

3109

2107

2107

0

2732

2734

2782

2559

2474

510

1539

2602

2520

2096

343

3109

2962

2962

0

2395

2457

1065

3106

2253

2673

2769

35

2327

1312

504

3119

1083

1083

0

2495

2465

2081

1531

1437

1524

1671

3026

453

1496

596

3121

2322

2322

0

1365

1947

2188

2460

2668

541

720

3016

2542

3037

1593

3121

2873

2873

0

858

11

3078

2463

1697

2237

1286

1909

138

492

1370

3163

1151

1151

0

1077

1801

2285

619

679

2006

256

2172

3159

971

2939

3167

1972

1972

0

1175

967

1596

1496

2419

2047

89

800

2995

254

266

3181

2813

2813

0

200

2916

1819

823

2805

1871

2604

66

407

1601

1900

3191

738

738

0

2967

2968

1455

1051

1885

199

2209

127

3101

1220

1737

3191

1916

1916

0

824

2998

2251

2013

2955

969

2552

51

3050

1475

2346

3191

2464

2464

0

804

401

1794

640

511

436

936

1139

2493

2650

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3209

1833

1833

0

534

1083

1606

1822

485

3167

308

1921

2895

1802

1648

3209

3107

3107

0

3159

222

2107

694

371

1864

2702

2793

983

2735

2825

3217

1748

1748

0

3120

1153

3126

779

1985

2760

1706

2068

1078

1761

478

3251

1831

1831

0

1509

753

882

2992

2820

1086

1190

1630

1489

2623

2462

3253

638

638

0

15

2532

2014

1042

3169

1564

391

1034

1615

1769

1103

3253

2217

2217

0

1924

2118

452

1826

2022

915

2598

1156

2281

692

2725

3253

2807

2807

0

2774

2480

1256

2259

2909

2564

715

463

1713

2722

1130

3257

419

419

0

2649

2535

519

295

508

1415

2476

2112

802

1260

138

3259

1884

1884

0

1139

1561

735

419

2188

2043

1209

921

1785

2299

109

3259

1977

1977

0

650

2911

406

3021

410

855

2849

1463

2663

2217

559

3271

1927

1927

0

388

3170

1015

1122

607

270

2637

2583

588

1070

2237

3301

2352

2352

0

773

1702

1166

3217

294

262

1657

231

1283

381

490

3307

322

322

0

2954

2928

271

1219

190

2674

1191

968

198

2808

1573

3313

1617

1617

0

3120

3302

1781

1798

2608

3255

1393

2954

2076

481

2839

3313

2306

2306

0

627

3295

788

3059

1423

1961

404

863

1182

2551

515

3331

3147

3147

0

2610

3185

1025

2240

1710

2461

2147

2482

1576

2532

1527

3343

2631

2631

0

1905

2489

2366

2148

2846

2527

264

125

2156

162

27

3359

2768

2768

0

2888

1748

122

697

281

2606

209

2927

49

2950

1336

3371

2734

2734

0

3075

1366

3157

2553

333

1253

2806

227

927

981

1170

3373

527

527

0

282

2806

2343

1323

528

620

3004

345

2774

2525

2102

3373

1238

1238

0

3346

1505

897

523

3349

1392

3282

2708

1717

1811

859

3373

1686

1686

0

1578

1798

2732

232

175

202

1907

1746

551

106

1744

3373

2739

2739

0

516

1412

2886

2617

1802

2495

729

1000

3141

326

2253

3389

1404

1404

0

1839

2783

1614

1421

2434

3090

1180

644

2500

1990

2561

3389

2589

2589

0

862

6

2500

2228

3232

1216

323

650

685

2406

809

3413

1332

1332

0

1930

585

2863

2813

3387

1125

1489

582

1641

3010

473

3433

1056

1056

0

3286

1300

2517

526

3150

1088

1408

1971

1329

726

2197

3433

1356

1356

0

2833

406

762

2015

559

1889

3327

2290

358

2742

1302

3457

2602

2602

0

3084

3368

2277

2551

2083

2035

2825

256

3242

2350

2236

3457

3043

3043

0

1217

3260

1247

1405

2038

1261

450

298

1702

78

1616

3463

1193

1193

0

562

1953

2163

1554

633

784

942

1821

3388

2130

2198

3463

3438

3438

0

1228

1066

3030

1927

2304

3161

2518

417

1882

3082

2631

3469

786

786

0

3455

2014

514

838

2159

1262

298

282

2041

3412

1390

3491

2150

2150

0

1531

2094

1853

425

1684

1381

1125

2180

3090

1611

505

3491

2620

2620

0

2825

735

2665

660

208

2003

469

1864

2262

2893

2433

3511

2

2

0

102

2379

495

3468

1939

2849

2386

752

3077

803

3499

3511

4

4

0

408

2494

1853

629

3457

84

510

1168

1265

544

3334

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8

8

0

1224

460

1663

780

1860

936

860

2698

2506

2669

2204

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16

16

0

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2397

2232

296

1011

1841

3396

576

109

2459

3039

3511

32

32

0

1138

728

1246

961

901

2045

384

1297

3209

2684

3145

3511

64

64

0

2029

343

1012

1430

1200

780

470

2968

435

1984

1073

3511

128

128

0

53

1972

1957

2929

1096

1093

1391

3470

1288

2042

1512

3511

256

256

0

2629

3002

2547

1082

3161

1428

2870

246

2696

1432

1807

3511

512

512

0

3282

611

3404

338

1893

2015

816

1753

3309

2421

3198

3511

1024

1024

0

2612

969

2000

1944

808

820

409

1573

2460

838

1820

3511

2048

2048

0

831

1431

2067

2217

2514

464

2985

377

3291

2533

1808

3541

1146

1146

0

1765

493

369

2997

2147

3005

3181

495

942

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2955

3547

2331

2331

0

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991

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1616

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1666

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3557

3138

3138

0

144

3037

2770

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973

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35

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0

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3188

2937

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598

598

0

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995

2116

2570

177

514

1769

2059

1401

2185

3497

3571

1225

1225

0

3471

2385

918

2664

1625

327

572

2285

1935

619

2849

3581

220

220

0

1730

1487

1325

2589

757

1377

1551

333

1034

324

774

3583

755

755

0

473

365

1972

568

3097

19

406

637

521

3218

1628

3593

1171

1171

0

3045

559

1808

1851

2246

2589

3367

2762

2370

3431

1769

3607

1418

1418

0

3538

3090

1240

798

3559

350

739

2206

2415

339

1778

3607

2724

2724

0

2589

2904

2068

3535

1258

734

10

1966

537

1071

2893

3613

252

252

0

3385

148

1204

3182

2497

3274

1249

3442

3376

3060

169

3613

1848

1848

0

2965

2967

3389

788

622

1259

787

2793

1591

110

41

3617

310

310

0

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895

2217

330

1015

338

3610

2121

3148

2629

3617

1459

1459

0

243

2707

2983

3598

880

668

683

3385

2647

3248

1851

3617

3371

3371

0

1791

3490

2990

1930

803

3357

1542

3122

2245

3543

2847

3623

1774

1774

0

3490

3343

1295

3246

2137

2120

1765

1985

2961

738

1278

3631

2493

2493

0

2031

2320

3468

1729

1666

2205

177

2068

2995

3143

986

3631

3619

3619

0

342

2427

3011

2041

2226

623

874

2743

646

716

168

3659

404

404

0

2689

1361

997

1144

2922

1595

2131

1953

2523

67

1265

3671

1523

1523

0

1155

3345

2284

1546

2232

1539

1996

801

3524

2082

3174

3671

2558

2558

0

619

2297

3019

296

364

2336

705

168

801

3408

2491

3673

3666

3666

0

2324

1133

3193

2967

393

2829

3480

987

1860

1720

1102

3677

1473

1473

0

184

1788

2809

765

2230

2542

2143

2404

986

1771

1157

3677

1657

1657

0

2151

531

1687

207

1854

3127

3491

136

2064

1551

954

3691

2717

2717

0

1117

3665

1345

2618

465

2730

1822

2876

535

2810

756

3709

1749

1749

0

2552

2314

3108

3296

2984

1875

587

1745

1111

2758

2674

3719

3060

3060

0

498

1343

1857

1946

3396

855

1796

3270

2945

1845

2607

3727

3309

3309

0

381

1870

1579

1706

15

1205

1962

1286

1318

1832

1712

3739

2383

2383

0

404

1767

106

3411

1019

1795

2671

2626

3269

2492

3717

3739

2476

2476

0

3608

1958

1748

331

2534

980

2955

550

3643

471

555

3761

108

108

0

288

2234

1014

1673

2689

2195

1195

2049

129

3071

2602

3767

1209

1209

0

2273

3091

3587

1572

2856

222

3709

1111

1957

1812

2776

3767

2405

2405

0

282

3

796

2337

2942

1417

3639

572

3009

1398

1697

3779

3179

3179

0

3052

725

1778

2674

258

466

2350

953

343

308

2947

3793

1410

1410

0

2505

1314

2368

537

2683

2579

262

1621

1735

1306

2321

3797

1867

1867

0

2225

856

3631

2523

3276

1477

2439

1366

2847

3512

2690

3803

1909

1909

0

1871

1305

3094

88

1692

779

2257

2911

654

2281

661

3821

1944

1944

0

2511

381

1780

752

1809

1545

789

3455

129

2533

909

3833

272

272

0

2421

1899

941

14

2559

3552

2512

1884

2627

255

2883

3833

1193

1193

0

1353

505

150

2395

1831

2983

3527

1096

1079

3620

1026

3847

705

705

0

2676

559

3025

459

1815

3652

2810

2448

3774

1378

510

3847

1561

1561

0

3567

2193

3373

1034

2347

1599

928

1927

1392

2198

385

3851

2919

2919

0

1468

2545

3173

3789

3731

3485

2185

3274

1689

3695

3850

3853

2014

2014

0

3467

341

3767

2236

1697

3551

257

729

1144

2532

1088

3853

3846

3846

0

1253

3515

1449

1787

1805

444

2950

558

1529

3520

1202

3863

3735

3735

0

266

2603

2791

1728

3133

467

1231

748

2242

3438

2913

3877

901

901

0

2480

434

42

1624

2123

2933

376

111

1529

1984

1584

3877

1698

1698

0

3793

2031

1842

2932

1630

206

2106

891

437

2813

1690

3877

1968

1968

0

1687

1070

758

545

684

1456

3458

1100

2856

1969

463

3881

3873

3873

0

1194

181

3266

2794

3860

1010

3120

3604

989

3511

2893

3889

1004

1004

0

2008

915

2603

235

2273

1323

3432

1047

690

2941

2226

3889

2015

2015

0

3403

21

1745

845

1045

3435

3445

1007

69

1867

2014

3911

3187

3187

0

1549

908

92

2277

2930

856

390

3452

3148

1990

2385

3923

2385

2385

0

3804

2275

931

2184

2609

3204

3471

2210

2161

1797

3034

3931

1522

1522

0

3386

3040

3128

657

667

2230

233

2077

3478

2737

3202

3931

2753

2753

0

642

1068

490

3350

2033

1092

675

1515

2951

3862

384

3931

3725

3725

0

350

1651

872

3363

2061

861

2668

2277

1244

417

1098

3943

1466

1466

0

1627

187

1019

611

647

732

3

2761

2777

3808

1071

3943

1481

1481

0

421

3146

3555

1461

1406

3934

3048

1423

1888

345

3541

3947

1793

1793

0

2817

3362

3685

538

265

513

1522

3254

3011

642

1892

4003

1499

1499

0

1887

207

3215

2466

2265

949

635

653

2687

2735

3461

4003

1998

1998

0

3873

1656

2231

702

2250

3414

1546

1751

1306

1419

1870

4007

3032

3032

0

1913

816

1171

1516

3209

3982

2935

3939

821

1439

1424

4013

2534

2534

0

2459

3837

2675

1682

1607

1760

2540

2798

1197

2845

364

4027

2203

2203

0

3213

1115

1246

864

2700

657

3336

2090

3102

2679

2619

4049

192

192

0

392

1231

775

2575

3483

2238

338

2403

1683

777

657

4049

572

572

0

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3976

798

413

2458

1728

3532

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162

2482

3812

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703

703

0

3987

1015

349

1523

1359

2357

1837

2776

3972

2205

559

4051

1751

1751

0

2881

2417

562

1373

949

610

744

747

2136

1795

3123

4057

2883

2883

0

1868

2137

2104

3461

3915

2646

2258

3143

783

492

247

4073

613

613

0

3150

2747

2056

1661

2011

546

3337

1935

3121

142

3425

4091

2893

2893

0

3032

156

3795

3783

1441

2531

2936

2906

2373

410

2369

4099

4058

4058

0

3677

1978

1121

3331

3467

2703

2470

2622

2585

3756

630

4111

3546

3546

0

1485

3594

2

3399

2313

1263

144

436

1743

1297

324

4111

3557

3557

0

176

3029

454

3430

3912

1840

296

3942

3325

2259

2106

4129

2692

2692

0

3253

2194

1144

1480

4007

2048

27

729

3634

2608

2682

4129

3719

3719

0

3034

519

115

1301

2833

2545

1651

3955

2714

909

3859

4133

1411

1411

0

3036

1749

2487

2239

570

183

562

3754

229

2575

3118

4139

1857

1857

0

1126

4049

2560

1515

389

1519

1362

3212

1873

3237

1193

4153

363

363

0

3910

3227

2872

4028

3320

3282

3181

2834

2646

923

2569

4153

1795

1795

0

2879

3005

2120

2756

3162

1924

2804

1438

1992

1247

786

4177

2574

2574

0

2537

3897

940

3844

3584

1406

2650

1169

887

2878

3704

4201

1254

1254

0

3883

1037

4157

2641

2903

1520

4007

2211

3819

3676

3826

4229

1029

1029

0

3131

3345

1591

3515

2556

2936

1596

1978

4090

1696

511

4229

3732

3732

0

3043

1570

1416

4042

2848

3849

214

1262

1342

2508

24

4231

4098

4098

0

1837

51

349

152

615

2260

1265

4193

2876

3061

2596

4241

1679

1679

0

4029

3598

715

2953

2126

2200

3920

209

1481

2474

1679

4259

656

656

0

138

1964

1773

2051

3721

2233

1087

1038

1669

2898

269

4271

494

494

0

4015

1418

2049

672

462

1449

1378

2021

1196

1999

1421

4271

1277

1277

0

1150

3244

72

2098

3815

3042

3107

3108

3773

3330

374

4283

2690

2690

0

1846

3096

2129

2855

2285

3903

1436

370

3563

2331

2317

4283

3485

3485

0

1968

3493

2439

2433

4236

4144

2166

1155

4117

60

1203

4289

1323

1323

0

995

1993

1572

2673

2330

501

1254

3682

1553

3149

4072

4297

322

322

0

4296

703

197

587

2232

1967

326

2381

1511

101

3963

4297

1173

1173

0

2166

3615

1051

1616

133

1939

3034

3487

3568

727

502

4327

3251

3251

0

2441

1109

1086

2081

3461

1690

1909

1266

998

272

1105

4349

2376

2376

0

893

159

3268

1993

2428

4056

1707

3540

1763

3083

3279

4373

1850

1850

0

3683

432

30

2814

530

1971

4108

3173

441

471

228

4373

3070

3070

0

1479

3366

2436

3950

270

877

2659

969

2613

2593

2055

4391

2336

2336

0

3585

445

2708

3252

3585

4054

2026

4342

1086

2001

2604

4391

2489

2489

0

2914

501

4230

2335

1075

4185

1412

1296

2544

2803

3757

4391

2837

2837

0

2702

3720

1225

704

1521

4251

1735

3005

3568

80

4228

4391

3751

3751

0

4159

3964

1389

1818

2890

641

39

2649

160

4025

3611

4397

1196

1196

0

2493

2796

1684

1278

731

4305

2242

4155

3337

967

3368

 

 


 

References:

[1]                 http://go.helms-net.de/math/expdioph/Fermat-quotients.pdf
A directory with many more references:
http://go.helms-net.de/math/expdioph/fermatquotient/directory/index.htm

[2]                 The question asked in the math-discussion-forum math.stackexchange.com:
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/594708#comment1253845_594708

[3]                 Richard Fischer's extensive compilation of informations about Fermat-quotients
http://www.fermatquotient.com
the list for degree 3
http://www.fermatquotient.com/FermatQuotienten/FermatQ3

 

See also

[wp]              Overview for Fermat-quotients:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_quotient

[PrimePag]      Chris Caldwell's "Prime-Pages
http://primes.utm.edu/glossary/xpage/FermatQuotient.html

[KellerRichst]   Wilfried Keller, Jörg Richstein
Fermat-quotients qp(a) that are divisible by p
http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/RRZ/W.Keller/FermatQuotient.html

[Moss]            Michael Mossinghoff
Wieferich Prime Pairs, Barker Sequences, and Circulant Hadamard Matrices
http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/~mjm/WieferichBarker/

[ErnvMets]      R. Ernvall and T. Metsänkylä
On the p-divisibility of fermat-quotients
Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 66, Number 219, July 1997, Pages 1353{1365 S 0025-5718(97)00843-0
http://www.ams.org/mcom/1997-66-219/S0025-5718-97-00843-0/S0025-5718-97-00843-0.pdf

[OddPerf]       http://home.earthlink.net/~oddperfect/FermatQuotients.html

 


≡≤≥πℙ∈